Some Vikings fled to France to establish a colony called Normandy. Spain did not control a deep water port where the Armada could anchor safely and this left them extremely vulnerable to an attack while it waited for Parmas troops to escape the Dutch blockade. August 3rd - 4th: Spanish ships were outgunned and forced to move to Calais in France. Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. One reason Dudley failed was that he wasnt a talented general or tactician. Tensions in the Netherlands increased greatly between 1576 and 1584. Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. After inheriting the throne from her sister Mary I, Elizabeth was 300,000 in debt. Another being the English sympathy to the protestant rebels on the Netherlands. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. This attack proved to be a major setback for Spanish preparation for the Armada. After his death, his two sons Harold and Hardicanute took over the throne in succession. The reasons for, and significance of, the Revolt of the Northern Earls, 156970. Foreign prince candinates would all be Catholic. When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she inherited a difficult financial situation and a debt of 227,000. Spains forces in the Netherlands mutinied (as they hadnt been paid by the now bankrupt Spanish government). Elizabeth and Philipthese two powerful peoplewould begin their relationship peacefully, even warmly, but they would become enemies, facing off in a battle of empires and faiths that would . The Act of Supremacy The queen's reassertion of control over religious matters was achieved via the April 1559 CE Act of Supremacy, once more closing the door on the Pope. Naval support by the English proved to be more effective for the Dutch rebels and a fleet of English ships patrolled the Dutch coastline to prevent the Spanish from landing some of their forces by sea. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. They believed privy council members such as William Cecil had become too powerful and instead wanted to remove those they deemed evil and replace them with councillors more sympathetic to their causes. This was important because it demonstrated the strength of Catholic feeling within England and highlighted how Elizabeth, after 11 years, was still vulnerable to English Catholics. This plot was supported by the Pope and King Phillip II, who agreed to provide troops for a Spanish invasion. Elizabeth's legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. The second concern of legitimacy again comes from the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. W ith the first female vice president taking office in the US, and female leaders around the world excelling despite a global crisis, it's hard to imagine why women have been wildly underrepresented in leadership for so long. The victory over the Spanish boosted Elizabeths popularity and strengthened the Protestant cause as it was a sign that God favoured Protestantism. Italian bankers from Genoa had lent Philip II money to fund his campaign in the Netherlands (which was trying to put down the Dutch Revolt). English Catholic Francis Throckmorton was the link of communication within this plan. Born the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn on 7 September 1533, Elizabeth's right to rule as queen of England never went unchallenged. From 1566 the Pope had instructed English Catholics to take part in recusancy, and by 1570 a Papal Bull had been issued excommunicating Elizabeth and stating that English Catholics had no need to have loyalty towards their Queen and instead should help overthrow her. Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. Marys permanent presence in England meant that she was a rallying point for many Catholics, who believed she had a stronger claim to the English throne than Elizabeth. This aimed to ensure poor relief was collected. Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. Queen Elizabeth had become aware of this plan and in 1587, sent her most successful privateer, Sir Francis Drake, to spy on Spanish preparations and attack their ships and supplies. When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Therefore, Elizabeths legitimacy was questioned because of the marriage between Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. To counter homelessness and the begging/criminal activity that sometimes accompanied this, a law was passed that stated that, if found, vagrants were: 1) to be whipped and have a hole drilled through each ear 2) if found a second time would be imprisoned 3) would be killed if found a third time. There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. The problems arose as she ruled an isolated protestant kingdom surrounded by catholic superpowers. Oct 12, 2019 83 Dislike Podpast 106 subscribers Recap and review of the problems Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. This time, however, the evidence gathered by Walsingham was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial. 214 High Street, It was the only major threat to Henry's security as monarch. This meant atholics did not think . Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. Company Reg no: 04489574. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. Describe two features of Mary Queen of Scots' threat to Elizabeth I. The threat posed by the pretenders Perkin Warbeck and Lambert Simnel. Norfolk was killed in 1572. Working for the British, Native American Manteo was placed in charge of the expedition by Sir Walter Raleigh. [A range of examples and wide-ranging knowledge really help explore the extent of this problem facing Elizabeth.]. English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. Describe two features of the Rebellion of the Norther earls 1559 7. Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. As the Spanish had lost these to Drake, they were forced to make their barrels from unseasoned wood, which couldnt preserve food or water very well. The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. There was a very real risk that he could form an alliance with other Catholic powers such as France and Spain and invade England. King Philip of Spain sent an. Northern Rebellion led by Earl of Westmorland. The plot was uncovered whilst Ridolfi was abroad (he never returned). 1) In 1557, Mary I took England to war with France to support her husband who was already fighting the French. English direct involvement in the Netherlands, 1585-88. Most people in . The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. Died: 24 March 1603. July 31st: Battle of Plymouth two Spanish ships were captured. She pledged to finance an army of 7,400 English troops and placed Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in charge of them. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Many northern nobles were still committed Catholics and wanted to see the restoration of Catholicism under a Catholic monarch. After her death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I preceded the throne and she tried to re-establish Puritanism in England. Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. You may use the following in your answer: Mary, Queen of Scots and foreign threat (12 marks) . Over 100,000 of this was owed to the Antwerp Exchange who charged an interest rate of 14%. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Indeed, the Ridolfi Plot of 1571 was even led by one of the Popes spies, Roberto Ridolfi. [This is a confident answer because it selects two reasons and links them together, showing a clear conceptual focus as well as wide-ranging knowledge]. The northern nobles felt Elizabeths advisors were responsible for many of these policy changes. Mary served as a permanent reminder at home and abroad that there was a legitimate Catholic heir to the throne and, with the Popes blessing, willing Catholic rebels could convince themselves they were doing Gods work. The conspirators including Babington were all. Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. On the show, Francis has a tumultuous relationship with his wife, Mary, and their inability to conceive a child is a major source of conflict between them. These ensured the plots were uncovered before they could be fully developed. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. This included: 1) the Act of Supremacy which stated that Elizabeth was Head of the Church, 2) the Act of Uniformity which set out expectations for church appearances and church services and 3) Royal Injunctions a set of instructions reinforcing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. 1560 - death of francis II, Mary returns to scotland as queen. - send 2000 to rebels. Register for free, Home /
The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. The Duke of Medina Sidonia sailed up the Channel and anchored at Calais while waiting for reinforcements from the Duke of Parmas troops. (*fragmentary*). In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeth's role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots' arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. In January 1558, the french conquered Calais, England's last remaining territory on the European mainland. The English also had better tactics that were more effective. Company Reg no: 04489574. Stimulus = Anne Boleyn / The threat from France, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. threats did Elizabeth face in 1558? "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - conclusion. Mary was married to Philip II of Spain. (1583) was a threat to Queen Elizabeth. his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. Elizabeth would receive a share of the privateers profits and as Englands financial situation was poor at the time, this proved to be an incredibly important source of income for the Queen. 2) This war was not a success. [A clear summary of the arguments, once more making the link between Mary, the Pope and Catholic interference.]. Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. The leading figure involved in the plot was Francis Throckmorton, a young Catholic man who carried messages between Mary and Catholic conspirators abroad. Queen Elizabeth showed no mercy to the rebels and the Earl of Northumberland along with 400 rebel troops were executed while the Earl of Westmorland fled abroad. Those who refused this were sent to prison. 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. Spanish invasion plans. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). The plots involved European conspirators and were supported by France, Spain and even the Pope. The English army was also poorly equipped and Elizabeth did not provide sufficient funds to pay for the English troops.