Pro-Argin Technology works through a natural process of dentin tubule occlusion that attracts arginine and calcium carbonate to the dentin surface to form a protective seal that provides instant relief.2 Tel: +381 (0)21 452-910, +381 (0)21 420-758. Holland GR, Narhi MN, Addy M, Gangarosa L, Orchardson R. Guidelines for the design and conduct of clinical trials on dentine hypersensitivity. A meta-analysis by Matranga et al. It has stannous fluoride as an active ingredient. Hu et al. OTC dentifrices were applied and massaged gently with the applicator on at least two sensitive teeth per subject at two different sites, including cementoenamel junction and exposed dentinal surface, by the doctor in the office during the first visit. The clinical significance of this study can be highlighted by the fact that this was a person-centred clinical trial where patients were the prime focus where thepatients suffering from DH. Pessoa OF, Loretto SC, Maia LC. Klubpris: 25,46 kr. Based on the outcomes of previous systematic reviews and meta-analysis, the rationale of the present study was to substantiate the claim of immediate pain relief after one-minute application in DH by non-invasive surface application of OTC dentifrices containing Pro-arginin Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief, and 8% strontium acetate in Sensodyne Rapid Action and other objective was the comparative evaluation of the clinical efficacy of three technologies, BAG-based FCPS in BioMinR F, Pro-argin, and 8% strontium acetate at efficacy intervals of day three, week two, four and six for sustained inhibition of painful stimulus provoking DH as all three are dentinal tubular occluding dentifrices. Dent Health Curr Res. 1997;24(11):80813. Work with Colgate Professional to help provide better oral care to your patients. While your patients may have dentine hypersensitivity in common, their oral care needs will vary. However, FCPS formulation showed 1% more improvement than Pro-argin and 7% more than strontium acetate-based dentifrices. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test was used to compute mean scores relative to baseline at each time point. J Dent. 2010;21(2):568. Further, it leaves a durable, mineral-enriched layer on the exposed dentin to help protect against future dentin hypersensitivity. How does Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief Repair & Prevent work? Purchased in August 2019 at Coles for $5. compared the Pro-Argin formulation with a calcium sodium phosphosilicate toothpaste, demonstrating 88% versus 50% occlusion respectively. CONCLUSION: The study results support the following conclusions: (1) Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief toothpaste provides a significantly more reduction in dentin hypersensitivity than Sensodyne. HOW DOES Colgate SENSITIVE INSTANT Relief Repair & Prevent WORK? The secondary objective of the study was to compare the clinical efficacy of Pro-argin, strontium acetate, and FCPS for immediate and sustained treatment response in DH that was measured on SCASS as a primary outcome measure and VAS as secondary outcome measure at efficacy intervals of one minute, day-three, week two, four and six. ClinicalTrial.gov: National Library of Medicine (US). Am J Dent. Schiff T, Delgado E, Zhang Y, Cummins D, DeVizio W, Mateo L. Clinical evaluation of the efficacy of an in-office desensitizing paste containing 8% arginine and calcium carbonate in providing instant and lasting relief of dentin hypersensitivity. Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief Enamel Rebuild also: Fights cavities Strengthens enamel Freshens breath Vegan . 2013;41(2):18794. Lavender SA, Petrou I, Heu R, Stranick MA, Cummins D, Kilpatrick-Liverman L, et al. A randomised clinical trial on the efficacy of 5% fluorocalcium phosphosilicate-containing novel bioactive glass toothpaste. Colgate Sensitive Pro Relief Teeth Whitening Sensitivity Toothpaste, 75ml 4.9 out of 5 stars 12 7 offers from SAR 33.95 Colgate Sensitive Pro Relief Base Instant Sensitivity Relief Toothpaste, 75ml 4.3 out of 5 stars 20 5 offers from SAR 31.25 Colgate Total 12 hour Protection Pro - Gum Health Toothpaste 75ml Width 17 Height 5 Depth 3.8 Show More Payment & Refunds Pro-Argin Technology with arginine and an insoluble calcium compound, zinc and 1450ppm fluoride. Identifier NCT 04249336. The second null hypothesis was that mean scores for pain due to DH among different treatment groups for sustained relief remains the same, and it was considered to be rejected at a p value0.05. J Clin Dent. A systematic review. Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief Enamel Repair contains Pro-Argin formula, helping to remineralise enamel, strengthen teeth against acid in food and drinks, plus instantly plugs channels to sensitive nerves. J Dent. Dentifrices were removed carefully after one minute of undisturbed application by rinsing the air lightly with an air syringe, and the subject was asked to spit. Treatments provided to the patients were OTC dentifrices marketed with the claim of immediate pain relief in DH. The main etiological factors are abrasion and erosion that may or may not be associated with gingival recession in DH. It contains clinically proven Pro-Argin technology which provides instant and lasting sensitivity relief. Participants were asked to pick up the envelope from the box. 1997;24(11):80813. The probable reason for variations between this clinical trial and previously conducted studies could be attributed to racial or ethnic differences between the conducted trials. Lai et al. Docimo et al. It also strengthens tooth enamel by helping rebuild weak spots. The sealed envelope contained details of unique subject numbers assigned individually in ascending order, group titles, and treatment codes and was placed in the box. Helps repair teeth by forming a mineral layer that re-constructs the sensitive part of the tooth, with regular use; Seals the open nerve channels for instant relief, and helps prevent sensitivity from re-occurring; Plus the freshness you trust from Colgate J Evid Based Dent Pract. Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief works by plugging the channels to block tooth sensitivity and with regular use, it builds a long-lasting protective barrier that acts like a seal against sensitivity. Anvnd tv gnger dagligen. The loss of tooth enamel is the most common cause of tooth sensitivity and is not affected by cavities, gum disease, or other problems. [41] was performed in 2017 and reported inappropriate statistical methodologies related to the normal distribution of data and equality of variances, along with lacking information in 77.1% of the thirty-five randomised trials on DH management. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Nachar Sinus Rinse System, 4pcs Professional Baby Nasal Irrigator Portable Infant Nose Cleaner Quick Rinse Device All Natural Relief - BPA Free More Convenient. PubMed Central The study's primary objective was to investigate pain relief in one minute after topical application of Pro-argin and strontium acetate on sensitive teeth in DH. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Most sensitive toothpastes primarily numb the discomfort, whereas Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief works to relieve sensitivity by plugging the channels that lead to sensitive tooth nerves. Post-hoc analysis revealed a significant reduction in DH scores in treatment arms compared to control on completing the six-week trial (p<0.05). The statistically significant change in mean scores of DH was observed with FCPS with p<0.05 relative to baseline for sustained relief from DH at follow-ups on day 3, week 2, week 4, and week 6, using clinical parameters of SCASS and VAS. J Non Cryst Solids. The primary analysis population could be described as 32 participants per treatment group after lost to follow-ups of 12 out of 35 enrolled in the six-week trial who responded to the air blast stimulus for the primary outcome measure of treatment response one minute after topical application and after three days and two, four and six weeks subsequently, on SCASS with scores of2. 2009;20 (Spec Iss):123130. Canines and premolars are the most commonly affected teeth among 2530% of the adult population [2]. Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief Instant Relief works as a shield that blocks pathways to pain instantly. Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief works by plugging the channels to block tooth sensitivity and with regular use, it builds a long-lasting protective barrier that acts like a seal against sensitivity. Sriranganathan D, Chen X, Hing KA, Kanwal N, Hill RG. This clinical trial was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Dow University of Health Sciences (Ref: IRB-1351/DUHS/Approval/2019/184) and was registered under the protocol ID NCT04249336 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04249336) on January 30, 2020, in accordance with the CONSORT statement of the updated guidelines for reporting randomised clinical trials. Dentin hypersensitivity. * *With continued use twice a day Prevents sensitivity from coming back* *With continued use twice a day can help prevent sensitivity from coming back. Made by one of the best-known oral care companies in Australia, it has been clinically proven to provide both instantaneous and lasting relief from sensitivity, whilst also: Fighting cavities. Plain bi-carb soda and coconut butter do a far better job at cleaning and desensitising. 2009;22:3A-7A. Colgate-Palmolive Company 2018. OTC dentifrices with Pro-argin and strontium acetate are effective for immediate pain relief from DH, and FCPS could be the best possible treatment option for long term management of DH. Benefits: Colgate Sensitive Prevent and Repair is clinically proven to provide superior relief vs Sensodyne Extra Whitening at 8 weeks1 Long-lasting relief from hypersensitivity with continued use Superior sensitivity relief at 8 weeks vs the leading Sensodyne toothpaste variant 1 A study evaluating the efficacy of strontium acetate relative to arginine-based dentifrices was conducted by West et al. Madurai: Best Dental Science College; 2020. Patel VR, Shettar L, Thakur S, Gillam D, Kamala DN. compared the Pro-Argin formulation with a calcium sodium phosphosilicate toothpaste, demonstrating 88% versus 50% occlusion respectively. 2013;41:S317. Plus it has the freshness you trust from Colgate! Shiau HJ. Douglas-de-Oliveira DW, Vitor GP, Silveira JO, Martins CC, Costa FO, Cota LOM. The formula consists of Arginine, an amino acid naturally found in saliva and also calcium from calcium carbonate. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Comparative evaluation of desensitizing efficacy of dentifrice containing 5% fluoro calcium phosphosilicate versus 5% calcium sodium phosphosilicate: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Innehller slipmedel med ltt polerande effekt p flckar samt fluor som minskar risken fr karies. PubMed Pro-Argin showed a greater reduction in DH with mean scores of (1.340.68) (4.201.70) (3.052.17) followed by strontium acetate (1.570.81) (4.651.87) (3.751.97) on SCASS and VAS for mechanical and water jet stimuli, one minute after application. 2019;46(12):11216. When it begins to interfere with oral hygiene, it can also lead to poor oral health outcomes. Listing a study does not mean it has been evaluated by the U.S. Federal Government. 2009;22(Spec No. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 2020;12(2):87. DH most commonly involves the facial surfaces of maxillary and mandibular permanent teeth. Customers also search toothpaste colgate sensitive colgate enamel colgate pro relief colgate pain relief How to use However, Pro-argin formulation showed 8% more improvement in clinical symptoms of DH than strontium acetate formulation one minute after application. This study investigated the relief from pain in DH in one minute after applying over the counter (OTC) dentifrices with Pro-Argin and strontium acetate and directly compared them with fluoro-calcium phospho-silicate (FCPS)-based dentifrices for immediate and sustained inhibition of painful stimulus provoking DH. 5 Hines D et al. Pro-Argin technology is occlusive. With regular use, the Pro-Argin formula builds a long-lasting protective barrier that acts like a seal against sensitivity. Friedman Test was used to observe post-application change in treatment responses within the group for 6weeks. 2015;42(2):13141. Use regularly to enjoy long-lasting relief from sensitivity*. Get the freedom to forget about tooth sensitivity with Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief Complete Protection Toothpaste. Colgate Sensitive Pro Relief Instant Relief, Plugging the channels that lead to sensitive tooth nerves to help relieve sensitivity. Poster #3406, July 2018 IADR. For patients in the dental chair, it can be used to rapidly ease hypersensitivity pain, facilitate examinations and make dental procedures more comfortable. 2010;21(2):428. Colgate SENSITIVE Instant(Pro) Relief Enamel Repair Toothpaste 75ml (Pck 4,6,12) 15.99 to 39.99. J Dent. Helps restore natural whiteness of teeth. The benefits are backed by over a decade of clinical research, summarized as follows. Effectiveness of dentifrices with new formulations for the treatment of dentin hypersensitivitya meta-analysis. The participants with self-reported sensitivity in teeth were clinically diagnosed with DH. Colgate uses need to categorize. Find products and services. Colgate Sensitive Instant Relief Repair & Prevent Toothpaste starts blocking sensitivity pain instantly*. Cookies policy. Hines D: Poster #0742 March 2018 AADR. Colgate-Palmolive Company 2018. Pashley D. Consensus-based recommendations for the diagnosis and management of dentin hypersensitivity. Comparative efficacy of BioMin-F, Colgate Sensitive Pro-relief and Sensodyne Rapid Action in relieving dentin hypersensitivity: a randomized controlled trial. The datasets analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. J Clin Dent 20 (2009), special issue 17-22, 3. & Farooqui, W.A. West N, Newcombe RG, Hughes N, Mason S, Maggio B, Sufi F, et al. Colgate Tandpasta Sensitive Instant Relief Whitening. 90 sold. These toothpaste Colgate Sensitive Instant Relief Whitening Toothpaste 75 ml Pack of 5, Blocks Pain Instantly, Prevents Sensitivity, Gently Removes Stains (5 x 75 ml) 1,230 5 offers from 12.50 Colgate Sensitive Pro Relief Enamel Repair Toothpaste 75ml - 4 packs 94 22 offers from 14.14 Colgate Sensitive Instant Relief Enamel Repair Toothpaste 75 ml 190 For lasting relief and gum protection, apply twice daily using a sensitive toothbrush, making sure to brush all surfaces of teeth including sensitive areas. Tandkrmen innehller zink fr att strka tandkttet och frhindra att tandkttet drar sig tillbaka, vilket r en av de vanligaste orsakerna till att . This trial was registered in an ICMJE approved registry at https://clinicaltrials.gov/) under protocol Identifier: NCT04249336 [19] following the CONSORT guidelines [20] for parallel-group randomized trials after approval from the Institutional Review Board of Dow University of Health Sciences with reference no. Last updated on May 11, 2021. This toothpaste really does not help at all with symptoms of sensitive teeth. Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of three commercially available toothpastes on dentin hypersensitivity reduction: an 8-week clinical study. The Gum Health Physical is a new interactive digital tool you can use to quickly evaluate your patients in-office, and give them a personalized report they can use at home. The Sensitive Pro-Relief Multi-Protection toothpaste by Colgate thoroughly cleans your teeth, while providing you with relief from sensitive tooth pain. This clinical trial was not funded by any agency in public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. For lsting relief, apply to a gentle toothbrush making sure to brush all sensitive areas of the teeth twice daily. 2017;59(4):4618. Akber A, Ali NS, Shabbir S, Wahid U, Farooqui WA. Lg i kurv. Click & Collect. However, we can conclude that both Pro-argin and strontium acetate-based dentifrices disrupt the pathophysiology of DH and are effective for immediate pain relief even one minute after application on sensitive teeth. All rights reserved. Trials. Clinical efficacy of BioMin F, Colgate sensitive pro-relief and Sensodyne rapid action dentifrices in DH [Internet]. Dentine Hypersensitivity. J Clin Dent 2009; 20 (Spec Iss): 123-130. and Ayad et al. Venkataramana S, Jeyaraman SK, Kothimbakkam SSK, Chellathurai BNK. The effectiveness of Colgate SENSITIVE INSTANT Relief toothpaste is built on its Pro-Argin technology with arginine and calcium from calcium carbonate. 75 ml. Colgate Professional has resources to help your patients understand what causes enamel erosion and how to avoid falling into those traps. Dentine hypersensitivity (DH) is a chronic condition with acute, transient pain in non-carious teeth that originates in response to thermal stimuli such as hot or cold, chemicals like acidic or sweet or salt, and mechanical stimuli due to exposure to dentinal tubules without any apparent clinical disease [1]. The statistician was also kept blinded. Click here. The widely accepted hydrodynamic theory proposes that stimuli can alter the behavior of fluid in the dentin tubules, activating intra-dental nerve fibers and causing pain. Gently and effectively removes stains. The authors declare that they have no competing interests (financial and non-financial) related to the article. Saba Arshad. observed a significantly greater reduction in sensitivity from air and tactile stimuli when compared to a potassium ion toothpaste, an effect sustained at two, four and eight weeks of use. For instant relief, just apply directly to the sensitive tooth with finger tip and gently massage for one minute. 4.2 5 0 221 221 Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief Enamel Rebuild toothpaste helps instantly repair sensitive teeth and provides lasting protection against hypersensitivity. The impact of FCPS, Pro-argin, and strontium acetate-based treatments of DH on the oral health-related quality of life together with the difference in the effectiveness of treatments were assessed individually rather than in groups in the current six-week trial. Post-application changes on SCASS were observed after one minute, three days, two, four, and six weeks, subsequently. Mintsmak. * For instant relief, apply directly to the sensitive tooth with finger tip and gently massage for 1 minute. # In-vitro study, actual confocal images after 5 treatments. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Poster #0742, March 2018 AADR. ID: NCT04249336 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04249336), Date of Registration: January 30, 2020 (Retrospectively registered). Colgate Sensitive Pro-relief Instant Relief. The second objective of the current study was to directly compare the clinical efficacy of FCPS, Pro-argin technology, and strontium acetate-based dentifrices due to their similar mode of action and tubular occluding potential in managing DH [36, 37]. Colgate SENSITIVE INSTANT Relief Repair & Prevent toothpaste with PRO-ARGIN Technology and Zinc provides clinically proven instant* and lasting sensitivity relief1-2 plus lasting gum protection3. J Clin Periodontol 42 S17 (2015) 4. Colgate Sensitive Instant Relief Multiprotection Toothpaste gives you clinically proven lasting relief from sensitivity for 8 weeks when you use it twice a day. Colgate SENSITIVE INSTANT Relief Repair & Prevent Toothpaste is an everyday toothpaste. For lsting relief, apply to a gentle toothbrush making sure to brush all . Plugging the channels that lead to sensitive tooth nerves to help relieve sensitivity. was used for statistical analysis. in 2019 using BioMin F and Pro-argin. The outcomes are in concordance with the previous studies conducted by Layer and Hughes [26], Zang and Shaw [27], and Mason et al. In this way, variability in individuals' pain response was tried to be controlled and will be discussed in part 2 of this manuscript. [22] reporting the instant relief from DH by 44.1% with Pro-argin on SCASS. 3Intervention for Group C denotes Sensodyne Rapid Action. Matranga D, Matera F, Pizzo G. Evaluating the statistical methodology of randomized trials on dentin hypersensitivity management. A total of 128 participants completed the trial. Hence, the effectiveness of clinically available formulations of FCPS in OTC dentifrices needs further exploration for the permanent management of DH. 75 ml. 2017;2017:2. In our study, patient compliance related to the recommended time of application and method of the application provided by doctors was controlled by subjecting multiple efficacy intervals and different methods for assessment of the change in pain scores due to DH. Builds a protective barrier that acts like . 2017;62(2):18691. Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief r en tandkrm som ger omedelbar och varaktig lindring mot ilningar i tnderna. I am interested to hear you guys opinion and thought about it. Moreover, there was no significant difference between dentifrices containing FCPS, Pro-argin, and 8% strontium acetate (p>0.05) on completion of trial after six weeks. Gentle whitening formula. The arginine, calcium carbonate and phosphate plug created by Colgate Sensitive Pro Relief remains intact with ongoing use, even when exposed to acid challenges. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Dentifrices-containing Pro-argin showed a significant reduction in DH with mean scores of (3.052.17) followed by strontium acetate (3.751.97) followed by FCPS (5.301.83) one minute after application. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2. Product Details For instant relief, apply directly to the sensitive tooth with finger tip, and massage gently for 1 minute, once a week or less frequently. The prevalence of DH was found to vary from about 5 to 62% owing to the use of different diagnostic and measuring tools and age groups in the published literature, with the best average estimate of 34% worldwide [3]. It was measured by assaying change in SCASS scores of pains with Pro-argin and 8% strontium acetate after one minute of topical application on the sensitive teeth. Desensitizing toothpastes depolarize the nerves to reduce pain signals to the brain, while occlusives block the dentin tubules to prevent painful stimuli affecting dentinal fluids. [33] again reported a 54% clinical reduction in DH with Pro-argin in eight weeks clinical trial using SCASS. Bakri MM, Hossain MZ, Razak FA, Saqina ZH, Misroni AA, Ab-Murat N, et al. Buy Colgate Sensitive Pro Relief and get the best deals at the lowest prices on eBay! BMC Oral Health 2018;2018:110. [12] suggested a novel BAG component of fluoro-calcium phospho-silicate (FCPS)-containing OTC dentifrice, with the potential of fluorapatite-like crystals formation in dentin in 2017. Colgate SENSITIVE INSTANT Relief Repair & Prevent Toothpaste contains Sodium Fluoride (1450ppmF) the recommended fluoride level for effective caries prevention.4. In each study, a single fingertip application of Colgate Sensitive Pro Relief was found to provide significant immediate relief relative to the comparative toothpaste, a result that was maintained over the subsequent three days with twice-daily brushing with the same toothpaste. HOW LONG CAN A PATIENT USE Colgate SENSITIVE INSTANT Relief Repair & Prevent? The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. 0:00 / 0:30 Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief Challenge Advert April 2012 178,990 views Mar 29, 2012 Take the Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief Challenge to Show more 15 Dislike Share. Moreover, the occluding potential of Pro-argin has also been ascertained in a previous in vitro analysis conducted by Lavender et al. Blocks the pain of sensitive teeth. Ayad F, Ayad N, Zhang YP, DeVizio W, Cummins D, Mateo LR. Shrimathi S. Effect of BiominF, NovaminR, Argin and nanohydroxy particles containing dentifrices on dentine hypersensitivity and gingivitis among 3544 years aged population of Madurai district: a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Researchers have investigated the clinical efficacy of popular propriety occluding dentifrices containing Pro-argin, strontium acetate, and FCPS formulations for treating DH and have found no adverse effects. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Ingredients *Calcium carbonate *Water J Clin Dent. If symptoms persist, talk to your healthcare professional. Terms and Conditions, Docimo R, Montesani L, Maturo P, Costacurta M, Bartolino M, DeVizio W, Zhang YP, Cummins D, Dibart S, Mateo LR: Comparing the Efficacy in Reducing Dentine Hypersensitivity of a New Toothpaste Containing 8.0% Arginine, Calcium Carbonate, and 1450 ppm Fluoride to a Commercial Sensitive Toothpaste Containing 2% Potassium Ion: An Eight-Week Clinical Study in Rome, Italy. In vitro analysis suggested that FCPS-based dentifrice enabled the slow and sustained release of fluoride contents, resulting in more stable fluorapatite crystals in saliva [14, 15]. (Table 1) (Fig. Desensitizing toothpastes for dentin hypersensitivity: a network meta-analysis. Provides 24/7 sensitivity protection. https://doi.org/10.17352/2394-8418.00003. Identifier NCT 04249336. J Dent Res. However, strontium acetate can potentially obliterate dentinal tubules by replacing the calcium ions of hydroxyapatite crystal lattice structure withstrontium ions along with its nerve depolarisation treat DH [7]. A previously published study by Samueli et al. Pro-argin resulted in the immediate treatment response and statistically significant (p<0.001) clinical reduction in DH than FCPS in the present study, as shown in Table 3. KruskalWallis test was used to compare treatment groups. Clinically proven lasting relief for 8 weeks. Pessoa, Loretto et al. Comparative efficacy of BioMin-F, Colgate Sensitive Pro-relief and Sensodyne Rapid Action in relieving dentin hypersensitivity: a randomized controlled trial, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-021-01864-x, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04249336, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/.