0000000816 00000 n The problem with this approach is that it did not fully consider the real root cause of the accident. That the industry is clinging to these concepts may be as much due to culture as to bureaucratic ineptitude. Instead of deviating from the GPS-set path when weather conditions look bad, pilots may continue to follow GPS anyways, rather than avoiding potentially dangerous conditions. Any of these stressors can alter our perceptions to the point that we are no longer able to make realistic evaluations. In the army, we flew planes that required a pilot to lift his or her head to change frequencies on radios placed above them, said Keenan, who is now retired from the FAA. 6@#.a *c qECC!f0B5*Y`X\ s48`-. H*C*)ihh JQ6@. 0000006899 00000 n Safety is the priority on every job, and avoiding bad attitudes is the first precaution to creating a safe work site. It was a sad day when I sold my motorcycle. 0000003379 00000 n The expression tempting fate is apt in these circumstances. 0000009592 00000 n Confidence sometimes exceeds ability. I recall how, on a solo cross-country training flight, my abilities were impaired by a bout of airsickness. <>stream A lock ( LockA locked padlock ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Official websites use .govA .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Our program quickly obtained FITS acceptance from Washington and we thought we were on our way.From the beginning, our local FSDO folks were also hard-working but, in their eyes, the FITS concepts really didnt matter. The feeling of invulnerability should be balanced against an equally keen sense of caution. 0000003926 00000 n <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents( \n h t t p s : / / c o r e s c h o l a r . ), and the situation of the other four elements. Historically, about two-thirds of all general aviation (GA) accidents that occur in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) are fatal-a rate much higher than the overall fatality rate for GA accidents. )z We use judgment to evaluate various risk factors, then choose a course of action to produce a desired result. Such stressors can severely alter our perception of the five elements of flight decision making. The goal of this National Transportation Safety Board study was to better understand the risk factors associated with accidents that occur in weather conditions characterized by IMC or poor visibility ("weather-related accidents"). They rationalize these deviations with similar arguments, including, "There was nobody else in the pattern," or, "I know the checklist by heart," or, "I've done this hundreds of times.". For example, Cirrus is an example of a new breed of manufacturer wanting a clean break with this image. 0000006343 00000 n There are five hazardous attitudes that contribute to accidents, Keenan said. Before the hate mail gets out of control, let me emphasize that I still recognize the importance of traditional pilot skills, as long as they are part of a balanced program. endobj 0000001551 00000 n The same thing can happen in virtually any sport, recreation, or activity, whether it's skiing, boating, scuba diving, mountain climbing, or driving a car. Workers often try to prove that they are tougher than their peers. ^q+HLu_yBRSU[xs@m+!fQ@ F"7 0000003462 00000 n Understanding each of these hazardous attitudes can help pilots of all skill levels manage risk and make safer decisions in the skies. 0000009867 00000 n This person might leave action and decision making to others and figure safety is all a matter of chance. National Transportation Safety Board. HTM0Gq+Go`5KVlu6t I{"y8s6`dp0av8hbp V&3"(iS{G?/D&1tGl6FUH-g5D =F:Ogt4~|GFKEuBNF 3D0`"n3El%e?Nt/SBUptH901]hm0\YN7.b0 I was 12 years old and way over my head on an icy slope. My leg snapped like a frozen twig. I had been riding motorcycles since I was 15, but something subtle had changed in our relationship. I loved that machine, and it was with great sorrow that I watched its new owner ride away. 0000005295 00000 n In addition to his 22 years of FAA service, Bob Wright has 9000-plus hours of flight experience and four turbojet type ratings on his ATP certificate. I immediately got to work creating a FITS-based program that would emphasize operating the Eclipse 500 single-pilot in the real world. Figure 1 illustrates how rail accidents are influenced by the seasonal effects of weather. Kulesa 3 The Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Transportation Small aircraft routinely operate at altitudes where temperatures and clouds are most Throughout this process, a pilot is called upon to evaluate five important elements: himself, the aircraft, the environment, the type of operation or flight (sightseeing, training, charter, etc. Placing everything in the hands of fate can lead to overlooking noticeably clear and obvious risks. Which condition is responsible for the most NTSB weather-related accidents? Eating-Nutrition is another important factor that contributes to mental processes, including decision making. 0000007405 00000 n 0000005177 00000 n The FAA outlines five hazardous attitudes that can compromise a pilot's decision-making: anti-authority, impulsivity, invulnerability, macho, and resignation. Even technologies such as synthetic vision have become the new norm. 0000003295 00000 n For example, why did the pilot lose control? 0000005753 00000 n Risk factors associated with weather-related general aviation accidents [electronic resource] / National Transportation Safety Board National Transportation Safety Board Washington, D.C 2005. endobj 0000002176 00000 n Maybe I had lost respect for the dangers of motorcycle riding or had developed an unsafe attitude. The extent to which they failed to meet that objective is beyond the scope of this article. Could it be due to poor management of several risk factors affecting that flight-pressing into deteriorating weather, a known faulty gyro or a pilot in a hurry to get somewhere? e d u / i s a p _ 2 0 1 9)/Rect[230.8867 233.3227 452.1807 245.0414]/StructParent 6/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> The Five Hazardous Attitudes. The . 0000002802 00000 n We choose a desirable outcome, initiate change by doing something, and evaluate the effect of this action on correcting the deviation. Im happy to report that many of the changes that I initiated have finally taken place-10 years later. trailer <]>> startxref 0 %%EOF 256 0 obj<>stream Could the accident have been prevented if the pilot had conducted effective risk management by identifying, assessing and mitigating hazards using simple and common techniques? My hard-working colleagues and I created a program that we thought the FAA would love. I immediately got to work creating a FITS-based program that would emphasize operating the Eclipse 500 single-pilot in the real world.It would detract too much from the subject of this article to discuss any of the well-known issues that Eclipse critics have harped on, so youll just have to settle for my training soapbox. The flight instructor community could be effective in this regard, if it could speak with a unified voice.The informed consumer is probably the best agent for training change. 0000003737 00000 n The TAA revolution really took hold in the early part of the last decade (2001-2005), and in the five years since then has matured. 0000010543 00000 n In this world of high-speed computing, information access, and electronic communications, perhaps the most mysterious scientific marvel is the human mind. The NTSB itself does not help the situation by emphasizing more of the same as the solution. endobj People with this attitude want to prove themselves and will do so by taking risks to impress others. 0000001529 00000 n These statistics are compiled from information contained in Storm Data, a database comprising information from NWS forecast offices in the 50 states, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Virgin Islands. Macho is all too common in the construction field. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents(International Symposium on Aviation Psychology)/Rect[360.6162 618.0547 540.0 630.9453]/StructParent 4/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> Its just that they need to be empirically justified by how effective they are in preventing accidents while simultaneously addressing utility in practical flight operations.Our flawed training systemThe fact were still using training concepts from the last century is a result of many factors and, while its easy to blame the FAA, we might only have to look in the mirror to find part of the problem. We may fail to stop and consider the very real risks that are involved in the actions we take. Nobody wants an accident, but they happen all the time. Invulnerability Which of the following hazardous attitude most closely identifies with the mantra, "kick the tires, light the fires"? A National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Study of Risk Factors Associated with Weather-Related General Aviation Accidents4. Physical stress such as hot or cold temperature, high humidity, noise, vibration, and turbulence can take their toll on your decision-making ability. A sudden wind shift, even at low speeds, can be hazardous on takeoff and landing because it can _____. 0000006902 00000 n Could it be due to poor management of several risk factors affecting that flight-pressing into deteriorating weather, a known faulty gyro or a pilot in a hurry to get somewhere?It is my view that, fundamentally, most general aviation fatal accidents are risk-management accidents. 0000002510 00000 n Often, the need to react quickly is necessary in response to a changing situation. HWMss$]{[8% @q?VTrau!GY\lfi&X For this study, Safety Board air safety investigators (ASI) collected data from 72 GA accidents that occurred between August 2003 and April 2004. Its maneuver-based, top-down (i.e., spoon-fed by the instructor) and has as its major goal getting a student through the knowledge and practical tests.Higher-order pilot skills, such as risk management, single-pilot resource management and automation management are either poorly considered or not addressed at all. Also, Middle Tennessee State University did some pioneering work with a combined private-instrument rating curriculum-with a single test-and the regulations have been changed to enable that option. Perhaps our built-in sense of invulnerability is a survival mechanism that allows us to cope with the prospect of injury or death. But when a friend of mine, one whom I considered to be less conservative than myself, remarked how sparks flew from the footpegs every time I cruised around the traffic circle in our town, I had to reconsider. Hello world! Impulsivity: Attempting to solve a problem with the first solution that comes to mind, rather than taking time to consider and select the best option. A good checklist for these items is the I'M SAFE checklist. In conclusion, physical and physiological stressors can have a huge influence on a persons perceived limits. They are indeed crucial components of effective TAA training but todays TAA training market tends to emphasize automation management as the be-all and end-all to the training requirement. This approach favored cooperation between FAA and industry to change training doctrine, standards, and manuals without time consuming, inefficient and ineffective regulatory change. These attitudes often pop up in everyday life, aviation, the military, and construction. The cause of most aircraft accidents is not mechanical failures or malfunctioning equipmentits humans. 0000005714 00000 n While most of us don't like to admit it, at times we all act as if the rules don't apply to us. hb``e``e`a`~ l@q*_1y ;P@LbADFRe Keeping this attitude in check, and acknowledging limits, is important for the safety of everyone. I believe the energy for continued evolution in training methods must originate with industry and be supported by continued FAA doctrine changes and especially reform of the knowledge and practical tests. People who frequently feel the need to do something, anything, immediately often fall victim to the impulsivity attitude. The collaborative instructor spends as much time and energy as needed to work with the student pilot until any flight training issues associated with hazardous attitudes are resolved to the mutual . 00rXV0M`yR&hk!*8P t@2; L, "5U iv v@!P, A endstream endobj 230 0 obj<> endobj 231 0 obj<> endobj 232 0 obj<>/ColorSpace<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 233 0 obj<> endobj 234 0 obj<> endobj 235 0 obj<> endobj 236 0 obj<> endobj 237 0 obj[/ICCBased 253 0 R] endobj 238 0 obj<> endobj 239 0 obj<> endobj 240 0 obj<> endobj 241 0 obj<> endobj 242 0 obj<> endobj 243 0 obj<> endobj 244 0 obj<> endobj 245 0 obj<>stream The only thing their guidance material emphasized was compliance with the Airline Transport Pilot and Type Rating Practical Test Standard (PTS). 0000007665 00000 n 0000008669 00000 n When our antiauthority attitude overwhelms our good judgment, we're squarely in the danger zone. Hazardous Attitudes themselves. I've never been more shocked than the day I broke my leg skiing. He attributed much of general aviations failure to embrace modernization and change as a result of the overarching influence of what he terms, romantic, elitist, macho enthusiasts.Being an ex-FAA type, I immediately created the acronym REME to describe these folks. 0000003956 00000 n AOPA Members DO more LEARN more SAVE more - Get MORE out of being a pilot -. Psychological stressors are the most common cause of allowing anti-authority traits to run amok. endobj When we become overconfident or complacent, our attitude subtly shifts and our margin of safety begins to erode. They believe that tie-off regulations are excessive, caution signs arbitrary, and personal protection equipment gets in the way. The short version is it involves a three-part process to identify, assess and mitigate risk from specific hazards. His views are solely those of the author and not necessarily of any client he represents. Stresses that lead to the hurry-up syndrome or get-home-itis can cause pilots to overestimate their abilities. 929 0 obj It never occurred to me that I was pushing the limits when I rode. The area where traveling TAA fared the worst was in weather-related accidents. 0000007657 00000 n The third category is psychological stressors, and these include myriad factors such as peer pressure, self-image, get-home-itis and the hurry-up syndrome. 0000004813 00000 n Australian/Harvard Citation. Really, isnt this why current and future customers spend $600,000 and up for a sophisticated traveling machine? If you haven't been eating properly or drinking enough fluids, don't expect to be a safe pilot. 938 0 obj Continued visual flight rules (VFR) operation into instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) was the deadliest of all types of weather-related accidents, as 82% resulted in fatalities. 3.7% of accidents in 2010 were weather related yet these accidents accounted for 27.1% of fatalities. 0000002531 00000 n We say, "There's nothing more I can do," or "I can't do that." 0000019118 00000 n 0000007279 00000 n 0000004202 00000 n 0000021228 00000 n They are antiauthority, impulsivity, invulnerability, macho, and resignation. 0000002894 00000 n As I often say, I was on the first lifeboat out-ahead of the women and children. They include such common factors as fatigue and proper nutrition. 0000002192 00000 n When stressors mount, the attitudes that we normally keep in check may begin to adversely influence our decision-making ability. The typical Cirrus customer doesnt go to the airport to get REMEd out but rather goes there so he can use his airplane to get somewhere. It is a mixed bag, however.The FAA has revised many of the training handbooks, such as the Instrument Flying Handbook, to address TAA issues and has issued completely new manuals, such as the Risk Management Handbook. Flying high without supplemental oxygen can lead to hypoxia, which can induce feelings of elation, well-being, or belligerence. The FAA (before my watch) spent considerable time, effort, and money trying to analyze accident causality with a human factors approach.