Check out this amazing Very Well Mannered Bay Gypsy Cross Gelding - Bear has a beautiful thick mane and tail and loves to stand for hours to be brushed and braided, he is absolutely one of a kind! Not sure how to paint a realistic horse mane? Sign up for your FREE 12 Page Horse Record Kit! Barbie doll is ready to start a new adventure on horseback! From that point, they will either become gray or white in color. These three colors are produced by a combination of just two genes, the extension gene (E) which is responsible for deciding whether the body color is black or red, and agouti (A) which determines the base color itself. This is real horse hair on a cured hide, cut for a replacement mane and tail set for a rocking horse. The mane styles that can be found on a horse naturally are: Short, Standard-Length, and Long. In order to produce a gray horse, one or both parents will need to be gray, although theres only a 50% chance theyll pass the gene on, even if both horses are gray. As such, we will always continue to be awed by them. Genetically theres no difference between the two but fading black horses can fade to a brown color if they spend too much time in the sun. The color is black and white but the pattern and markings make it rare. .hs-email{max-width: 100% !important; width: 100%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom;} Identifying Common Black-Point Horse Colors. Inheriting the champagne gene is the key to this horse color. The best thing of this game is that you can synchronize with Facebook and if you change your smartphone you can start playing it when you left it. Such as the Quarter Horse, Peruvian Paso, and the Mustang. Roan refers to a horse's color pattern. Can you identify these special differences in a horse color? In horse biology and genetics, there are only four horse colors, technically speaking. Get it as soon as Friday, Dec 30. 1. 1) Flax or flaxen, when applied to mane and/or tail, indicates a straw yellow or dirty white. That is, on any coat color (base or diluted) other than black. We don't share your email with any 3rd part companies! The base is diluted with modified flaxen color giving it a strong chocolate brown color and ash brown-blonde mane and tail. In the promos for the DA Daz horse base material set there's a white horse with a white mane and tail. Scott stars as the main character in the film, as he frees a woman from being held captive by Comanches. Very similar to Hartland's "Large Champ," the Western Horse can be identified by its' near side mane and relatively smooth tail. No matter the brand you use, I always suggest mild and gentle shampoo first. Palomino. Other horse people say that if a red horse has a flaxen or lighter mane and tail, then it is a sorrel, and if it has darker mane and tail, then it is a chestnut. This horse color ranges from tan to reddish-brown. Grullo horse breeds are Kazakh horse, Criollo, Sorraia, and Missouri Fox Trotter. And thank you for your support! My curly mare's mane is unlike anything else out there! These horses will have light pink skin under their coat thanks to their multiple dilution genes. It is clear in their work together that they made quite the team on screen. There are six different spotted coat patterns that are all caused by the leopard complex gene (also known as the LP gene, or LP complex). Most black foals are born dark gray or dun (with a black mane, tail, and dorsal stripe) and start to turn black as they begin to shed their coats. There might be only small one or there might be a series of dime-sized spots clustered together. Gypsy Vanner. They are cross-breeds coming from dun and bay horses diluted with a cream-color gene. However, genetic dilution makes them lose their color pigment at birth as they grow older. They usually have black points in the muzzle, outlining the back and the lower leg. The body color can be as light as a cremello but can also be a deep shade of chocolate although the mane and tail will always be flaxen or white. But this did not lessen their beauty because in the absence of color, they have become standout breeds. Silicone sprays can help get wind knots and tangles out of your horse's tail, but may dry things out. Breeding and foal care, AQHA Adds MYHM Testing to Genetic Health Panel, Broodmare Care Schedule: Winter Health Checks, Marketing Your Stallion: A Helpful How-To, ASSOCIATION OF RACING COMMISSIONERS INTERNATIONAL (RCI), NATIONAL HORSEMEN'S BENEVOLENT & PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION (HBPA), NATIONAL THOROUGHBRED RACING ASSOCIATION (NTRA), IOWA QUARTER HORSE ASSOCIATION YEARLING SALE, LOUISIANA QUARTER HORSE BREEDERS ASSOCIATION SALE, TEXAS QUARTER HORSE ASSOCIATION YEARLING SALE, UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA RACETRACK INDUSTRY PROGRAM, UNIVERSITY OF LOUISVILLE EQUINE INDUSTRY PROGRAM, LEADING OWNERS, TRAINERS, BREEDERS AND JOCKEYS, REGIONAL NOMINATION AND SUSTAINING PAYMENTS, AQHA OFFICIAL HANDBOOK OF RULES AND REGULATIONS, QUALIFYING FOR THE AQHA VERSATILITY RANCH HORSE WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP, RANCHING HERITAGE CHALLENGE ENROLLMENT FORM, 2018 ZOETIS AQHA RANCHING HERITAGE CHALLENGE FINALS, RANCHING HERITAGE YOUNG HORSE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM, INTERNATIONAL BEST REMUDA AWARD APPLICATION, GOVERNING MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE AND FOUNDING MEMBERS, GUIDELINES FOR ADEQUAN LEVEL 2 CHAMPIONSHIPS, EXHIBITORS INELIGIBLE FOR LEVEL 2 AT THE WORLD SHOW, AQHA PROFESSIONAL HORSEMEN ASSOCIATION APPLICATION, PROFESSIONALS OF THE YEAR NOMINATION FORM, INTERMEDIATE INTERNATIONAL ELIGIBILITY AND AWARDS, OPTIONAL VRH AND RHC RANCH RIDING PATTERN 1, OPTIONAL VRH AND RHC RANCH RIDING PATTERN 2, OPTIONAL VRH AND RHC RANCH RIDING PATTERN 3, ADEQUAN (POLYSULFATED GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN) AS LEVEL 2 CLASS SPONSOR AT ALL AQHA SHOWS, HOW TO CALCULATE AN EVENT'S ECONOMIC IMPACT, INTERNATIONAL ALL-AROUND JUDGE ONLINE APPLICATION, ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS POLICY FOR JUDGES, PERMITTED EQUIPMENT BROCHURE (PRINT FRIENDLY), AQHA HORSEBACK RIDING PROGRAM AWARD WINNERS, HORSEBACK RIDING PROGRAM 5,000 HOUR AWARDS, AMERICAN QUARTER HORSE FOUNDATION - HALL OF FAME AND MUSEUM, 2021 STARTERS INDEX PRESENTED BY CAVENAUGH QUARTER HORSES, HALL OF FAME INDUCTION AND REUNION CELEBRATION, AQHA INTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONAL MARKETPLACE, INTERNATIONAL SUMMITS AND DISCIPLINE-SPECIFIC SEMINARS, APPLICATION FOR THE AQHYA NATIONAL RACING EXPERIENCE, WRANGLER YOUTH LEADER OF THE YEAR IN HONOR OF ROGER ELDER, American Quarter Horse Coat Color Genetics. 4. Common Offline Marketing Options to Consider for Your Pet Business, Adopting Your First Dog? Harnesses the power of Thieves essential oil blend. If you answered yes to any of those, or just want to know more about horse coat colors then youve come to the right place. However, he came out of retirement in 1962 to star in Ride The High Country. Most white horses are really a light gray. Gray horses can be born any color, and will lighten as they age. They look like bandit horses because their white points are below the eyes, continuing to the jaw. All Rights Reserved. "Good Condition but needs a good cleaning, i Sell them the way i get them let the buyer clean them.". Together, Scott and Stardust were an impeccable duo on the big screen. This one is often mistaken for chestnut but sorrel horses have a lighter brown color almost like softwood brown or caramel brown. The brown tips look like sun bleaching. A palomino horse will always have a flaxen mane and tail, also known as a white mane or tail. It is also called as tiger gray mostly seen in dogs and cows. Their manes are long, thick, and flowing. In this article, Ill cover the 12 most common colors. A horse's tail can be either short, medium (depending on breed), or long, short being the most common. Others say the bag gets every last strand away from the urine stream. It is not known what causes these, either. Unlike outdoor gardening, No matter where youre going on holiday this year, your beloved pet will most likely want to come with you. For detanglers, I love them. Unfortunately, not much is known about Stardust after his career as a movie star. Click here to go back to the main post and find other answers for CodyCross Seasons Group 72 Puzzle 3 Answers. The Crosswordleak.com system found 25 answers for golden horse with pale mane crossword clue. Red roan is a chestnut base color with a mixture of white hairs throughout, the mane and tail will be the same red as the body. Chimera-coated horses literally look like they are in layers of fire. We take pride in our horses manes and can even become a little obsessive when it comes to brushing. Not all breed registries will accept colored horses but some breeds such as the Shetland Pony or the Mustang allow them. We will sift through the most common horse colors and the rarest horse colors out there. Once tamed, horses' manes and tails can be colored with the following regular dyes: Baby Blue, Dark Blue, Dark Green, Pink, Yellow, Red, Turquoise, and all of the natural colors. Colors . A blue roan will have a . The hair on the forehead is longer and more natural. I will wash my horses tail about once every 2 weeks, or even longer, depending on the ick factor. This reaction to the midge bite creates a chain reaction of allergy, itch, scratching, and skin opening. A real roan horse presents its coloration while still a foal and doesn't lighten with age. You have entered an incorrect email address! He stands for saddling, and loves baths. The one thing breed associations can agree on is that a chestnut horse has a reddish-brown coat with no black points. NO WAY! Click here to go back to the main post and find other answers for CodyCross Seasons Group 72 Puzzle 3 Answers. Mountain - two unique hair colors called Sapphire and diamond, Jungle - four unique hair colors which are Emerald, Topaz, Amethyst, and Mossy, Lunar - five unique hair colors which are: Obsidian, Moonstone, Neon Purple, Neon Blue, and Neon Turquoise, and Volcano - Three unique hair colors which are: Prismatic, Volcanic Orange, and Volcanic Black. Then there are breeds such as the Paint Horse and Gypsy Vanner that are known for the pinto coloring. You want to add more oil directly to the tail with more knots. The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "Horse with white mane and tail", 8 letters crossword clue. No SPAM! . In the dry form, small flakes of skin appear routinely, usually at the base of the mane and tail, and sand-like flecks may appear on the girth area or anywhere sweat accumulates. This shade occurs in the early stage of the greying process and when a horse has a dark base color coat such as black or dark bay. The newest feature from Codycross is that you can actually synchronize your gameplay and play it from another device. A rinse before and after shampoo with distilled white vinegar can help you remove stains and remove all remnants of shampoo. One of the rarest coat colors though is white. The most pricey one is the national emblem of Turkmenistan named the Cream Akhal-Teke horse. Black horses include the elegant Friesian horse, Merens horse, and Murgese. This is an all-white foal that is born with intestinal tract abnormalities and dies shortly thereafter. Are you looking for never-ending fun in this exciting logic-brain app? .hs-email{max-width: 100% !important; width: 100%; display: inline-block; vertical-align: bottom;} Winning bid: (See Chests page for info on how to get chests!). The further down it is, the more it costs.) (Til Further Notice) Thx for all your patience! Randolph Scott also had a stunt double for certain scenes that would ride Stardust. Scott did most of his riding movies and became an accomplished rider throughout his career. Dun horses are specifically distinct for their black or darker-colored legs that make them look like they have socks and their dorsal stripe. Its always a challenge to keep your horses tail white and bright. Besides their rare color combination of black and white, Gypsy Vanners are celebrated for heavily feathered legs and long mane and tail. Our system collect crossword clues from most populer crossword, cryptic puzzle, quick/small crossword that found in Daily Mail, Daily Telegraph, Daily Express, Daily Mirror, Herald-Sun, The Courier-Mail and others popular newspaper. Their mane and tail are chocolate brown to black. If you like a conditioner, try and choose one that rinses easily. Identifying roan horses would be based on the color of their tiny hairs across the body. The most astonishing Buckskin would be the Silver Buckskin. Copyright 2011-2023 Professional Equine Grooms. Rabicano ( rah-bih-KAH-no) is also commonly called "ticking," "coon tail" or "skunk tail" and is a specific set of white markings that always affects the base of the tail and usually also involves flecked white . Bay-colored horses usually have bay or black-colored tails and manes although some breeds are sporting flaxen chestnut tails and manes. Ive included links to the products (which are in no particular order) that I really think are great. CodyCross is an addictive game developed by Fanatee. They are considered the most beautiful horses often called gold horses. Here are all the Horse with a white mane and tail answers. It is typically a breeding color. And nowhorse mane, tail and coat whitener! Its muzzle is black and its mane and tail are blonde. Bear has the best ground manners, is easy to catch in the field, and gets along with other horses. The term 'black points' is used to describe a black mane and tail with black legs. The University of California-Davis has a test available to determine if a horse is a carrier of the lethal white gene. This horse color has a red base, hence, chestnut-colored horses would have brownish-red to dark red colors. A gold-coloured horse with a white mane and tail, whose name is Spanish for 'juvenile pigeon' Today's crossword puzzle clue is a general knowledge one: A gold-coloured horse with a white mane and tail, whose name is Spanish for 'juvenile pigeon'.We will try to find the right answer to this particular crossword clue. June 1, 2020 | Primary Benefits of Thieves Household Cleaner. CodyCross is a famous newly released game which is developed by Fanatee. It is another albino horse (meaning all-white like the creamello and the perlino) distinct for its freckled skin, brown eyes, and golden body hairs. .hs-main-font-element{color: #29353d} Rose Grey. Points refer to the mane, tail, legs, and eyes. Please try again. What are the most common horse colors? Here are some of the most common black and white horse breeds. And a white or flaxen mane and tail is a distinctive feature of all palomino horses. In America, there are two registries for palomino horses but that doesnt mean its a breed, which is why the palomino color can be found in many breeds around the world as such the Haflinger and the Quarter Horse. Some say if the tail bag gets wet with urine, it just amplifies the stain on the tail. This could be a cream conditioner or a grooming oil that penetrates the hair to create softness and repel stains. Some people wrongly refer to brown horses as bays but the main difference is that brown horses dont have black points, although if their body color is very dark then so will their mane and tail be. Horses can be found in a wide variety of different colors but the most common colors are black, bay, chestnut, sorrel, brown, dun, buckskin, gray, pinto (or Paint), spotted, roan, and palomino. Some Gypsy Vanners have extraordinary hair growth - it can take hours to wash, dry, and . The Splash Overo is spectacular too with its all-white face, white legs, white tail, and chestnut body. For this part, we will be talking more about unique-colored horse breeds and will describe why they are considered as such. Far more common (and popular) in the States, buckskin horses are bay horses that have a single copy (or dose) of the cream (or creme) dilution gene. He's . Palominos are one of the most pricey and popular ride horses out there. Of course, like humans and other animals, horse colors are dependent on genetics. Tails can quickly turn yellow due to urine stains. There are robux faded dyes such as: Fire Fade, Black/Purple, Purple Fade, Lemon Lime, Blue Fade, Cotton Candy, Black/White, Black/Green, Black/Blue and Red/Blue. That is a common misnomer and we are raising it here for clarification. 2. They also have black manes and tails. Here are some of the most common palomino shades: While theres a whole spectrum of different colors you might be surprised to know that every single one of them is derived from just one of two different colors, black or red, along with white which is just the lack of pigment rather than an actual color. The graying gene is a dominant gene which means that it will eventually cover the original color, this is why some registries (especially those that have an emphasis on a certain color or pattern) wont allow horses with this gene to be registered in the main registry. July 12, 2022 by Joey Hardin. Theres no doubt that horses are majestic animals that are known and loved for their graceful way of moving and for their speed. The base is black, covered in a fading white coat and fine black hairs giving it a black-white-gray, vertical marking. A 4x5, 4x6, 5x6 etc. Weve learned how to French braid on a horses mane, and theyre a means of security when high tailing it bareback full speed across an open field. Gray-colored horse breeds are Andalusian horse, the Spanish Norman, Yemeni horse, Lusitano, and Carthusian horse. Camarillo White Horses have pink skin under their white hair coat. Though not strictly a horse, Buttercup is a white plush unicorn from Toy Story 3 and Toy Story 4. Turns out my two favorite kitchen items are also useful for tail whitening! Being introduced on 2/19/2022, manes and tails can now be styled, meaning if you don't like the look of a short tail on your horse, you can go to Sweetie and change it (with a price, depending how far down it is on the list. The right name takes thought and consideration but there are also a number of My names Lucy and since learning to ride at the age of five Ive not only owned dozens of horses and ponies (and a few donkeys) but Ive also run a very successful riding school, teaching both English and Western. Some people consider gray and white to be basic coat colors but in fact, there are only really three basic horse colors, black, bay, and chestnut. Horses with either a red or black base color can be affected by the dun gene although the results will vary depending on the base color. They are not a separate horse breed and only named due to their coat color. Designing a successful indoor garden can be tricky. Brown horse breeds would be the Russian don, the Bashkir horse, and the Ukrainian riding horse. The flaxen trait is thought to be hereditary, but research into it is ongoing, and details are still unknown. A grey horse may have distinct white markings or faded markings and always a grey or black mane, tail, and legs. 4) Camarillo White Horse. Flaxen is only obtainable through breeding wild horses that spawned with the mane/tail color. At first glance, black and white pinto horses may be mistaken for cows. An Essential Training Guide. Being a basic color, brown can be found in most horse breeds but its more common in some breeds. He had a dark golden body, with a striking white blaze, four white socks, and a gorgeous white mane and tail. For many breed shows, horses must be shown with a full and fluffy mane and tail. A fan once wrote to Scott asking if Stardust was a Haflinger due to his striking golden color, but Scott confirmed that his equine co-star was indeed a Saddlebred. Named for a famous Thoroughbred stallion foaled in 1877 that carried them, Bend-Or (sometimes called Ben dOr) spots are also called smut or grease spots. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); iHeartHorses.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. hbspt.forms.create({ In Stock. Their mane and tail are also cream but with a darker (tinge of orange or copper) hue. Built stocky and tough, the Haflinger originated in the mountains of Austria and was used for pulling plows in the fields and for driving. I used warm water to wet the tail, a mild shampoo to lather, and I worked from top to bottom, before rinsing with warm water. All gray horses, regardless of the color theyre born, will have black skin which is why theyre classed as gray rather than white. However, most registries do. A corruption of the Latin word badius (meaning chestnut or brown), bay horses can be as light as a reddy-brown or as dark as chocolate brown but because their base color is black they always have black points. Dun is a breed and at the same time a color. If your horse doesn't allow you to wash his face just use a baby wipe to clean up what you can. The Andalusians were so precious to the Spaniards that they were unable to leave Spain until the 1960s. . Some are very classy to look at and some are so rare you could just consider them magical. Clearly, this is on a case-by-case basis. Known as primitive markings these include a dorsal stripe that runs the length of the horses back and zebra markings on the lower legs and are common in wild horses but arent always prevalent in domesticated horses. This tail needs some detangling, cleaning, and conditioning. Altogether there is a German Shepard (Lupay), a Border Collie (Missy), a Blue Heeler (Taz) and her two adorable mutts. The cream gene is a gene that is responsible for the colors of the horse's coat. Flaxen and Pearl are the only mane/tail colors that are not available as a dye, and isn't a Fjord mane/tail color. Your email address will not be published. Its mane and tail are often black or dark brown too. The coat can range from a light cream to a dark, sooty gold, and the mane and tail varies from bright white to yellow. The cream colour can vary from a very pale off white to a pale coffee colour, but shines through pink under their short summer coats. There are also solid color dyes such as: Purple, Hot Pink, and Light Green, which are listed at 99 Robux. Genetics: The Silver Dapple Gene works to dilute the black pigment in a horse's hair. The flaxen mane and tailcan sometimes make the flaxen horse appear similar to a palomino. And wet bedding. I cant stress this enough the tail needs a conditioner. Where are the Curlies? Required fields are marked *. Can you imagine all the care that goes into these long locks? The body colorstays the normal shade for a chestnut or sorrel. They became quite a popular pair in Old Hollywood, with many admirers. No. Simply login with Facebook and follow th instructions given to you by the developers. Do you remember the Disney movie "Finding Nemo?" 2) Silver is used to denote a mane or tail which is However, sources say that Stardust lived to be 29 years old. Most are light enough that you can use them daily. These links will cost you no more than the standard cost of the item(s) in question but a small percentage of the price will go towards the upkeep of this site and help me to continue with the site so that I can hopefully help others. Look for red undertones in the body and black points. Horses with chocolate flaxen color have a chestnut base. While the name roan refers to the roan gene its also a general term describing a horse that has an even mix of white and other colored hairs over its entire body (the head, mane, tail, and legs are often darker in color too). Dun horses have sandy gold or yellow coats and brown/black mane and tail. From a high lathering shampoo to a creamy apple blossom scented conditioner, this duo will soon be your shower default. In vary rare cases a palomino can be unusually dark with an almost black body and many dark hairs in the mane and tail. The beautiful Stardust was a palomino American Saddlebred. The white markings are different across horse breeds. Also read: 17 Famous Horses in Movies and TV Series. . Hal Needham even stood in as Scotts stunt double in Comanche Station. It has many crosswords divided into different worlds and groups. For more on detergent. The most distinct identifier of sorrel horses would be their blonde manes and tails. Of course, these are not all that is there when it comes to horse colors since cross-breeding for show and racehorses have become more pervasive through the years. If your horse's mane and tail are balding slightly and shedding dry dandruff, mites are likely to blame. This can happen if a blankets tail cover prevents the tail from lifting, or if the blankets back straps redirect the urine stream. They aren't the result of a genetic combination of what is called "creme genes". While a light tan is the most common shade of buckskin, horses can range from a light creamy yellow color to a deep golden shade of brown. CodyCross is a famous newly released game which is developed by Fanatee. She has been around horses her entire life and rodeoed throughout highschool and beyond. Stardust stood out in every film he starred in thanks to his stunning palomino coat. A medium expression will have the white tail base, plus white hairs interspersed over the horses flanks, creating a roan appearance. Seat Barbie doll on the saddle to play out a ride -her knees bend so her feet can rest in the stirrups ; She wears a casual riding outfit with pink pants, denim top with white polka dots and ruffle, tall brown riding boots and a pink helmet Roan-colored breeds would be Arabian horses, Paso Fino, and Peruvian Fino. Over the years I have tried hundreds of different horsey products, from various blankets and halters to different treats. Table of Contents show. Their white points are located in the face and in the lower legs. Palomino is a beautiful horse coloration typically characterized by a golden body with a white mane and tail. Breeding and foal care. .hbspt-form{margin-top: 35px;} However, a sorrel horse can have a flaxen/blonde colored tail and mane, but if there are any black markings on its body, the horse would then be considered a chestnut. Answer (1 of 8): There is no such color combination in horses. The Rocky Mountain Hose is known for its distinct color, as they are darker brown in color and have a flaxen mane and tail. See original listing. (Silver black Estonian horse stallion "Rokkar 713E". Some sorrels can have a flaxen or blonde mane . Already found the solution for Horse with a white mane and tail? Originally formulated for horses and discovered by humans, Mane 'n Tail's Original Shampoo and Conditioner provides cleansing and conditioning benefits to a multitude of hair types. Very common on black horses. Next to dogs, horses should be considered as another mans best friend. They are palomino in color with a gorgeous thick white mane and tail the perfect blonde horse! As you might expect the base color for all chestnut horses is red and, such, they dont have any black markings. .hs-error-msg{color: #29353d} Most have the same color throughout their body, mane, and tail, with no other markings (save occasional white on the face or legs). With all things considered, it is safe to say that there are still a lot of things we do not know about horses. Already found the solution for Horse with a white mane and tail? Dani has owned Squaw for 17 years and this mare has made 2 trips across the country with Dani! The breed was used in war but was deeply cherished by the people. The jury is still out on if you should use a tail bag or not. In very rare circumstances, the absence of the four base colors may also happen as in the case of Classic Champagne and Perlino. Are you looking for never-ending fun in this exciting logic-brain app? Breeding two overo horses can cause a recessive trait called lethal white syndrome. Here are all the Horse with a white mane and tail answers. Some people call older, lighter colored gray horses white, and while the confusion is understandable the horse is still properly classified as a gray. Its not known where the name sorrel comes from but its believed its named after the flowers of the sorrel plant which are a deep coppery red color. Detergents will strip hair and skin of valuable and protective oils, leaving your horses tail brittle, dry, and likely to break and soak up even more stains. Condition: Used. , Buckskins come in gold, white or gray coats with black mane and tail and black points in the lower leg. rockport gray vs revere pewter, women's figure skating olympics 2022 final results, how to calculate river discharge,